Hysteria Comparison of the Salem Witch Trials and the Holocaust Essay

During both the devastating Holocaust in the Germany and the tragic Salem Witch Trials in the small town of Salem, innocent people were brutally killed, causing hysteria among the people. Both groups of people endured hardships because of the hysteria that occurred among them. This hysteria caused people to react in ways that they would not usually act. Both of these events are very historical and help The United States of America be a unified and prosperous country that it has grown to become today. Hysteria is defined as an uncontrollable outburst of emotion or fear, often characterized by irrationality, laughter, weeping according to the Webster’s Dictionary. The Holocaust is often defined as the brutal killing of about eleven million innocent people because of a racial prejudice against the Jewish race. This tragic occurrence was conducted by the awful and merciless dictator known as Adolf Hitler. The Jewish people were not the â€Å"perfect† race that Adolf Hitler wanted to create. He contradicted himself because not even he fell under the requirements that it took to become this perfect race. The Jewish people, such as ones that were only small babies and the elderly, were inhumanly killed in multiple ways. One example of this brutal killing of the innocent was when small children could be ripped away from their parents to be sent to the work camps that were scattered throughout the country of Germany. These work camps often worked the children so hard that a because of their lack of food and water killed them. This thing that these innocent people endured inside of these ruthless work camps is sometimes unimaginable to the human mind. The Salem Witch Trials took place in the little town of Salem. These events were sparked by a group of adolescent girls who were caught dancing in a forest and supposedly conjuring spirits. Witchcraft was very much frowned upon during those times. Religion was very important and in this circumstance many of the people of Salem were put to death. The girls had convinced themselves that if they lied and accused other people of being witches, they could take the blame off of themselves. John Proctor, who was a farmer in Salem that was accused of witchcraft, was willing to taint his own soul by admitting that he had an affair with Abigail. Abigail, who can be seen as the antagonist of this story was one of the girls that was accusing others of witchcraft. After John Proctor had be practically condemned by his once loyal servant Mary Warren and the other girls he knew that there was no more hope for him ever becoming an innocent man. â€Å"A fire, a fire is burning! I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! And it is my face and yours, Danforth!†(Miller 111).When John Proctor said this, he being a somewhat religious man himself, knew that only the Devil could be behind all of these horrible things that were happening in his hometown. He felt that if he was going to go to hell so were the rest of the people that accused him of witchcraft. The people that accused him had done no better. John Proctor was led to react like this solely because of his fear of being put to death and leaving his wife, Elizabeth, alone. The lies turned into a large scandal among the people. The religious conflict in Salem deeply affected the outcome of the trials. This led to many innocent people being put to death because they were accused of being witches. In both the Holocaust and the Salem Witch Trials innocent people were put to death. Elderly people were not respected throughout the trials and their opinions about what should happen were never really listened to. The elderly people in the holocaust had no say so in anything and often they were looked at as a complete waste of space. According the Nazis, the vicious soldiers who ran these brutal camps, the elderly people could easily be killed so that they could make room inside of the often over crowded work camps. Poor people were also were frowned upon during the Salem Witch Trials. Many of the people, who had money and were well off, thought of them as scum. In a lot of cases there are people that tend to think that because someone does not have money they cannot make logical choice or decision. In the Holocaust many people that were poor were imprisoned. These people were not considered important. They were often considered to be the lowest of the low. During both of these events it is sad that just because someone is old or someone that lacks money could be treated as any less of a person that was younger or had money. There were deep rooted issues in both Germany and Salem that led to these dysfunctional occurrences that caused a mass hysteria among the people. Unity was the key factor that lacked among the people in the town Salem and the country Germany. Although Germany was united patriotically they were not united religiously. In Salem the people lacked a religious unity. They were not confident in their faith in God. If they were strong in their faith they would have had some sort of conscience and feel bad that they knowingly put innocent people to death. Lying was the main thing that led to the downfall of Salem. These lies left the town devastated both emotionally and economically. Germany also suffered from being economically and emotionally hurt. The very minimal amount of people that were still alive after the dreadful Holocaust had to recover from the devastating loss of all of these people. The emotional toll must have been huge amongst the people that lost loved ones. Also, with the amount of people that were gone it greatly affected the amount of money flow. Without all of these people to work in many of the businesses and make money for the country also caused Germany to struggle deeply. The Holocaust caused far more issues for Germany than there ever was before World War II. In conclusion, a mass hysteria can occur at any place or at any time. Being religiously unified as a country or as a small town should be one of the main goals because without it there will as we have seen in both of these events be a mass destruction of people and economy. God helps those who are desperate in times of need, and also those who surround their life with God. So if a country or town were to surround its laws around Also, man should be able to stand for what he believes in no matter what the situation or occurrences. Staying strong in your faith will eventually benefit one in the end. Works Cited â€Å"Effects of World War II.† Www2.sunysuffolk.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Jewish Life during the Holocaust.† Www.jfedpgh.org. N.p., 2012. Web. 30 Oct. 2012 Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. New York, NY: Penguin, 1996. Print. â€Å"Religious Persecution and Its Impact: The Holocaust.† Msbyrneatalex.edublogs.org. N.p., 12 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012.

ADR Clause for Learning Team Charter Essay

Our world is constantly moving, changing, evolving. We are all sorrowed by exceptional situations that impact our decisions. Those decisions will conduct to maybe bigger or smaller scenarios, but what is the right route to take? That is the real question. Alternative Dispute Resolutions (ADR) is any method of resolving disputes other than by litigation. Public courts may be asked to review the validity of ADR methods, but they will rarely overturn ADR decisions and awards if the disputing parties formed a valid contract to abide by them. The two major forms of ADR are arbitration and mediation; but we can also mention others such as settlement conferences, neutral evaluation. Throughout our work we will demonstrate and develop an ADR clause that will help to increase our knowledge in this topic. Various Forms of ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution can be defined as â€Å"any method of resolving disputes other than by litigation† (â€Å"Alternative Dispute Resolution†, 2007). ADRs include early neutral evaluation, negotiation, conciliation, mediation and arbitration. Early neutral evaluation (ENE) is a confidential method designed for fast resolution of cases. ENE is most commonly used when a party wants to resolve an issue fast, and is popular when minor disagreements occur. ENE is not a common type of ADR as it is generally used in cases that don’t require a lot of litigation. Generally, parties involved in ENE do not take the time to discuss their side of the argument, they just want the issue resolved quickly. A second form of ADR that is commonly used is negotiation. Negotiation is the give-and-take in a discussion or conference in an attempt to reach an agreement or settle a dispute. Negotiation is a great tactic to use to resolve a disagreement  because both parties a gree to settle their dispute with changes to appease both parties. One of the most popular choices of ADR in a learning team is arbitration. Arbitration occurs when each side decides on one arbitrator, the arbitrator then listens to both sides of the case and settles on one side. Arbitration is a popular choice in a learning team as the arbitrator is a third party that is not involved in the case. The arbitrator listens to both sides of the disagreement and chooses which party to side with. Another popular choice amongst learning teams is mediation. Mediation occurs when an outsider is brought in and attempts to work out a settlement or agreement between the two parties. The mediator plays a strong role in resolving disputes between two parties. The mediator brings outside information that can attempt to help both parties come to a resolution. Bringing in a third party can help to break things down to see both sides of the argument. Both team members can be heard and the mediator can assist in resolving the conflict. Bringing in an individual that is not part of the problem can help to clear things up for both parties. Learning Team Clause The Alternative Dispute Resolution Clause for ETH/321 Leaning Team A are that all participating in the learning team and abiding by the goals set by the Team Charter will seek to resolve any dispute that results due to following the accordance’s set by the Team Charter will follow through with procedures as noted as the sole purpose of dispute resolution among team members. The team members should first, make an attempt in all good faith to resolve any conflicts that arises between any team members personally while abiding to the agreed upon Team Charter as quickly and respectively as possible, and at least within 24 hours of an attempt to resolution between the team members is not reached, an attempt through negotiation with the team leader and the team members to reach a compromise between the parties will proceed. If anyone of the participating team members decide not to participate in the negotiation the reluctant party loses their position and the dispute is resolved. If through negotiation within 24 hours a resolution is not reached in the dispute, then the team members shall participate in a mediation with the team leader and the instructor. Should any member refuse to participate in the mediation that member’s action results in a lost position, and the dispute is then resolved. Mediation should not exceed one  day. The team leader through directives from the instructor will facilitate the mediation in an attempt to resolve the dispute. Throughout the mediation each team member will be able to state their position and provide any supporting information on their behalf. After each team member has presented their supporting information in regards to the dispute, the instructor will rule on the dispute with the team leader serving as facilitator and witness. The instructor’s ruling is final and shall result in resolution of the dispute. Provisions for ADR to Function Properly There will be certain provisions and information necessary to enable the ADR in our clause. When a dispute arises, you do not always want to just jump straight into using the ADR. There are certain situations where the ADR might not even be necessary. Before the ADR is used, the two parties in the dispute will attempt to negotiate the dispute between themselves. Then they should decide if they can settle the dispute on their own or if they need to proceed with mediation. When it has been decided that mediation is necessary, the two parties will then have to decide on a mediator. Once a mediator has been decided, there are some preparations you should take. Firstsmediation.com says that you should â€Å"create a case roadmap†. Basically, you want to use this time to figure out what the dispute really is and what your side of the issue is. Ask yourself what you intend to get out of the situation. It would be good to begin preparing what you would say and how you would handle the dispute with a mediator present. For every negative issue you come across, you should always attempt to find a positive resolution. Once you have all this information and you feel ready, then the mediation process can begin. Conclusion Mediation, as discussed by Learning Team A, is the best form of ADR to settle disputes in a learning team. The help from an outsider can help both sides of the disagreement to see what each party is saying, and the mediator can provide assistance in resolving the conflict. Learning teams come with struggles to overcome as we are all a diverse group of individuals. Disagreements will come about, and using mediation to resolve those disagreements will help the learning team to resolve issues quickly and efficiently. References First Mediation | Jeffrey Krivis | Mariam Zadeh  » Blog Archive  » 10 Steps In Preparing For a Mediation. (n.d.). Retrieved December 7, 2014, from http://www.firstmediation.com/resources/?p=23 Alternative Dispute Resolution. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/alternative_dispute_resolution

American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

American History - Assignment Example After the General Order 147 was implemented litters were used in a more effective and accurate manner. Surgeon General Hammond attracted Secretary’s attention to the deteriorating situation with the ambulances and deaths of wounded soldiers on the battle fields. General Hammond suggested that medical department should be in charge of the whole medical organization. He backed up his argument by bringing various examples of wounded dying from starvation and insufficient system of rescue. General suggested several ways how to improve the medical organizational structure by guiding the work of ambulances, surgeons and nurses. Medical measures undertaken during the battle of Antietam and many others proved their effectiveness. Medical personnel were able to rescue people from the battle fields faster than before thanks to the effective use of ambulances. The number of casualties was minimized: ambulance corps worked effectively both on the battle field and work of surgeons was

Effectiveness of reminders in increasing compliance to SBGM Essay

Effectiveness of reminders in increasing compliance to SBGM - Essay Example According to the research various studies have been carried out on the impact of self reminders and the use of SMBG in the monitoring of diabetes. In a paper by Karter, et.al., the authors sought to assess the impact of self-monitoring blood glucose levels in improving blood sugar levels. Their study was carried out as a cohort design which was applied in order to detect the relation between self-monitoring frequency and the first glycosylated hemoglobin level in 1997. The authors were able to establish clear results which indicated that the use of self-monitoring blood glucose tests was also associated with lower HbA1c levels. All in all, the study revealed that with more frequent SMBG processes applied, it was possible to achieve lower glucose levels and therefore better outcomes for patients with diabetes. In yet another study by Karter and colleagues, the authors set out to establish the various barriers in the application of SMBG. Their study was a cross-sectional study which so ught to evaluate SMBG use and its barriers in about 44,000 diabetic patients who were being treated in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region. The authors were able to establish that 60% of type 1 diabetic patients and 67% type 2 diabetic patients indicated a lesser frequency in their SMBG. Most of the reasons for their failure to carry out their SMBG included the following: longer time since diagnosis, male sex, age, ethnic minority, lower education, lower income, non-English speaking, high cost of glucometer strips, smoking, and excessive smoking. In effect, the authors were able to highlight that there were significant gaps in the actual and recommended SMBG practices in the organization covered with the dominant elements relating to ethnicity and language barriers being strong determinants of SMBG compliance. Moreover, low income also seems to impact the use of SMBG with the affordability of these strips put to issue (Karter, et.al., 2000). Despite studies proving that patients’ improved blood glucose levels with SMBG, various studies reveal that there is a lack of compliance with home blood glucose monitoring. Burge (2001) discusses that about 67% of patients with diabetes fail to routinely evaluate their blood glucose and they have various reasons for such failure. These reasons include: pain and soreness, wide variation in the recommended frequency of blood sugar monitoring, and the perception that home SMBG is less recommended in their care. The study by Burge (2001) sought to study current

E-game should be defined as sport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-game should be defined as sport - Essay Example E-Sport is defined as a virtual game played competitively (GMZ). The difference between them comes down to a common factor of physical exertion. According to some E-game critics, any sporting activity that does not have physical exertion does not qualify to be a sport (Benjamin 17). Over the decades, sporting activities have experienced revolution just like in any other industry. Sports such as golfing, bows and curling have all been classified as sports despite the minimal or absence of physical exertions. E-Games are sports that requires a lot of concentration, skills, and focus just like soccer or any other sport. For instance, Chess is a sport that does not involve any physical movement. Additionally, E-Game requires strategy that needs mental prowess just like soccer and athletics needs one to be physically fit. These games require; one to practice and learn how opponents play as well as understanding rules of the game. Unlike other sports, there are hundreds of E-Games with different styles and methods of playing. Excelling in these games requires a lot of dedication, training, and perfection; and to remain competitive in these games, one has to practice and train regularly. In the game like poker card, players participate in their game while sitting down without any physical movement and yet are accepted as sports worldwide (Benjamin 15). In fact, Porker card games is software installed in computers just like the E-Games. There is no significance difference between the E-game and poker card. In rational point of view, the aspect of physical involvement is not the only aspect that should be used to define a game as a sport. Subjectively, E-Games are perceived as games for the lazy people who prefer sitting down in their couches and playing the games at comfort of their houses. However, the question is; can it be considered as lazy game for a physically impaired person, who cannot

International Justice & Rehabilitation in Post-War Sierra Leone Thesis

International Justice & Rehabilitation in Post-War Sierra Leone - Thesis Example Sierra Leone is a small republic founded in 1842 on the West Coast of Africa (Grover, 2009 p1). It is bordered to the north and east by Guinea, to the South by Liberia and to the South-West by the Atlantic Ocean. The country plunged into the civil war which lasted throughout most of the 1990s. In the heat of the Sierra Leonean War in 1997, AFROL News announced that about 5,400 children were involved in the war and this was in sync with the UN's official figures. After the war, it was reported that Sierra Leone's conflict involved about 6,914 child soldiers (Facts of Sierra Leone, 2011). These children were recruited to take part in the Sierra Leonean Civil War that lasted between 1991 and 2001 (Sillinger, 2003: p3). The root of the Sierra Leonean Civil War and the recruitment of child soldiers has a strong and deep root in international relations. The connection between the Sierra Leonean Wars and international relations has a strong connection with the diamond deposits of the countr y. Diamonds are found in approximately a third of Sierra Leone's territory (Levy, 2003 p2) Up until the late 1980s, Sierra Leone produced about $90m worth of diamonds each year (LeVert, 2007 p81). This figure represents the official value of diamonds that was exported through the legally accepted route of the Government Diamond Office and this could be just a fraction of the actual figure (Forde, 2011 p21). Primarily, British and South African companies have been at the forefront of the exploration of the country's diamonds and other minerals (Hirsch, 2007 p18). Multinationals from these countries were granted legitimate rights to mine and export the country's diamonds for several years after the country gained independence from Britain in 1960. 1.3 Sierra Leone's Conflict & Child Soldiers The country's first government led by Sir Milton Margai handed over power peacefully to Siaka Stevens who also handed over power to Major General Joseph Momoh in 1985.

Naturalistic Observation Assignment Research Paper

Naturalistic Observation Assignment - Research Paper Example The mother is dressed in a black pair of jeans, with what seems to be a white top; the latter is overshadowed with the thick cape she wear around her. The child is also wrapped around a big cloth, and the exact attire is beyond visual range. The husband wears blue jeans and a green cardigan, apart from the seemingly thick glasses that rest on his nose. The mother seems tired, and is holding the child in her lap. She is surrounded by two small bags, one of which seems to contain the accessories of the child. She constantly is looking here and there, outside towards the sky, then towards the magnanimous screen that shows the status of all flights - delayed! The husband is sitting besides her, and trying in vain to concentrate on a newspaper. She repeatedly addresses him, and despite a small shiver of the lips, he remains engrossed in the paper. The child is finding this ordeal uncomfortable, and after every few minutes, there is an evident stretching and retraction of limbs - something that adds to the irritability of the mother. She turns again to the husband while saying something, and he looks back, again in silence. He then gets up and goes to the inquiry desk, and trots over with minimal enthusiasm on his face. He tries to find away amongst the dozens that line around the counter, possibly asking the exact same question to the flabbergasted official. The same resolute reply, gives anguish to many, and aggression to the others. The wife keeps looking at his gait, and upon his return, he murmurs something that adds a helpless frown to the wife's face. Second 10 minute period She continues to say something fretful to the husband, ended by a firm groan. With a sudden 'ok', the husband swiftly but carefully turn to his side, and grasps the existence of the child around his arms, and onto his lap. Suddenly feeling lighter, the wife stretches her legs with her hands on her knees to make sure they still move the way she wants. She again turns over to the husband, but this time without a frown, and asks if he would like to have something to drink. A nod in negation from him serves the answer, while she digs into her bag, and comes forth with a steel flask. She pours something from the flask into the cap which now is the cup, and quickly escaping steam vouches for the fact that it is still hot. Once in her hand, she again looks at her husband and stretches her arm towards him, offering him the cup again. Not being able to withstand the head-on aroma of the beverage, his eyes brightened. The wife saw that, and seeing that his arms were locked around the child, s he gave him a sip from the cup with her own hand, and then treated herself as well. Final 20 minute period After viewing the initial interaction between them, I came to the hypothesis that the wife is more likely to take the lead in the conversion. Being temporarily relieved of the slight stress she was in, she was more likely to start afresh, and deal with the situation constructively. They did start talking, and it was actually the wife taking the driving seat. However, this time, there was a greater participation from the side of the husband than a silent nod or an inaudible murmur. To add, their mood also seemed to have transgressed into a different zone for a while, and they for once actually started looking outside

The Healing Activity of Jesus and The Ministry of the Church Today Essay

The Healing Activity of Jesus and The Ministry of the Church Today - Essay Example His healing actions were central to His ministry as the Messiah who has come to preach the good news to the poor of the Yahweh. The cardinal principle of Jesus' mission is its stubborn option for the poor and the marginalized and the role of the healing action of Christ is an unequivocal proclamation that the people whom the society considers as the scum of the earth are the children of God in a special way. Since the Church is the continuation of Jesus in the world today, it is necessary for the Church to model its mission after the manner of Jesus and His disciples and missionaries, who provide us the benchmark of missionary conduct. Jesus has a proclaimed bias for the poor, marginalized, outcasts, handicapped, helpless and sinners. Jesus' basic identity was with those who were excluded from mainstream social class, who boasted about their pedigree and righteousness. (The New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, Mat.9.11, Mk.2.16, Lk.5.13). The derogatory remark about Jesus by the Jews highlights this identity chosen consciously by Jesus: a friend of the tax collectors and sinners (Mat.11.19). In the words of Martin Percy these friends of Jesus were those, who dwelt outside the periphery of the over- righteous Jewish society, the politically, socially and religiously disadvantaged (p.28). The main focus of Jesus' ministry was directed to the poor, the oppressed, the excluded and the helpless. The then Jewish society had a system of societal exclusions based on their self-righteous attitude as the chosen people of God. In the Jewish brag as the chosen people of God they forgot the fact that God has many chosen peoples. Social classes like the Samaritans were the outcasts, the presence of the sick like the lepers violated their ritualistic standards of cleanliness, tax collectors were branded bad because of their profession and the congenital handicaps like blindness were blindly accepted as the results of the sins of their ancestors. Though healing actions of Jesus is traditionally considered as faith revelations, the Jesus' Messianic mission of the societal inclusion of the marginalized is also inherent in them. This healing touch is a gratuitous gesture extended to all the deprived who came to Him, irrespective of race or religion. (Percy 30). Jesus achieves the empowerment of the marginalized by his own voluntary disempowerment, the culmination of which is the helpless nailed condition on the cross. In the active ministry Jesus demonstrates it by His spontaneous association with all classes of people whom the Jews considered outcastes. So there is dining with tax collectors, moving in the company of women of immoral history and blatant violation of Jewish rules of social segregation by asking the Samaritan woman water to drink. The choice of the ignorant fish folk as His disciples to carry on His mission, in itself is a symbol of the unique nature of Gods' work often achieved by using human beings, who in our judgment is least suited for the task. However, history has shown that the pack of ignorant fish folk under the leadership of the impetus Peter achieved what several divisions of grand armies of historical civilizations could not achieve. According to Martin Percy: This view would not have been strange to the Early Church fathers, whose

Cognitive Biases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cognitive Biases - Essay Example Cognitive bias affects objectivity, perceptions, relationships, and organizational learning in a multitude of positive and negative ways. Cognitive biases affect the quality of decision making by making the decisions compliant to the biases and instincts which may or may not be true. "The way an organization chooses and obtains from its environment the inputs it needs to produce goods and services determines how much value the organization creates at the input stage" (Jones, 2008, p. 3). The negative effect of cognitive biases can be removed by constantly reminding and discussing the mission and vision of the organization with the organizational personnel. Open dialogue, easy and effective channels of communication, and more interaction is the solution of any misperceptions and the cognitive biases that can develop in an organizational set up. The responsibility of keeping everybody on the same board rests primarily with the top management and leadership of an

Agriculture in the Uae Essay Example for Free

Agriculture in the Uae Essay Agriculture in the UAE Lying in the heart of the worlds arid zone, the UAE has little rainfall and one would expect it to be a barren place. Barren places there certainly are, but the process of desertification has very largely been arrested in the country. It is now possible to see forests, fields of grass and wheat where once there were only desert sands and winds. The UAE has a long tradition of agriculture in its oases where crops have been grown for 5000 years. Underground water was chandelled to palm groves and small fields and the technique is still used today. Since the formation of the UAE in 1971, this small scale traditional farming has been complemented by investment that has seen thousands of hectares being cultivated. In the past 25 years, the countrys population has increased ten-fold and agricultural production has kept pace with this growth. The country is self-sufficient in salad crops and poultry for much of the year and even exports crops to markets in Europe. Most of the UAEs agricultural production comes from four areas: from in and around Al Ain, from a narrow but fertile strip along the east coast, from the oasis of Dhaid east of Sharjah and from the gravel plains in Ras al Khaimah. According to figures from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, agricultural production stands at over Dh 2 billion per year. An average crop season yields over 600,000 tons of crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers, aubergines, lettuce, cabbage and animal feed. Studies have shown that much of the countrys soil can be cultivated provided there is water and as a result, there has been an extensive programme to drill water wells. The government will prepare land for local farmers which they are then given free along with seeds, machinery and advice on pest control. There is also government-funded research on different crops to see how they adapt to the local climate. In an attempt to conserve and use as much water as possible in as many ways as possible, the government has embarked on a three-part programme designed to make the most advantageous use of this scarce resource. First, farmers are given advice on how to reduce their consumption of water, mainly through trickle irrigation. Desalinated water as well as recycled and purified sewage effluent is used. Second, with the help of the United States Geological Survey, the government is searching for ew aquifers and monitoring current rates of extraction. Third and last, to prevent the waste of valuable rainwater, retention dams have been constructed in many areas. These store the water until it can be used for irrigation. Tens of millions of gallons of rainwater are being retained by the dams already built throughout the Emirates. In the long run, of course, it is realized that desalinated water will provide the bulk of agricultural water. There is more to agriculture than simply growing crops. One area that has seen dramatic growth is the keeping of poultry for meat and eggs. The same is true of dairy products. Herds of imported cattle have adapted to the climate and are now producing milk, cheese and yogurt for the local market. The presence of trees and gardens in the UAE is always noticed and commented upon by visitors. Over 10 million trees have been planted plus more than 18 million palm trees. In all the cities and towns of the UAE, there have been beautification campaigns with the creation of parks and gardens for the local people. Any householder, even those in flats, can get free plants from the Municipality under a programme that distributes thousands of plants annually. Besides the greening of the cities and towns there has also been a massive programme in the desert and it is here that most of the trees have been planted. Flying over the desert, one now sees great patches of green where formerly there was only sand. All kinds of arid region plants, both local and imported, have been planted and as they grow to maturity, their roots reach down to the natural water supply. When this happens, they will be able to survive with little care and attention. The face of the land and the environment too have been changed. Wildlife flourishes as do native plants and animals. The UAE was never purely and simply a desert. Today it has become a place where greenery can be seen in both urban and rural areas. Twenty years of dedicated commitment have made the point that the process of desertification is reversible. And given time and money, that is exactly what has happened and is continuing to happen.

Sources of finance available to a business

Sources of finance available to a business There are many types of business entity defined in the legal systems of various countries. These include sole traders, partnerships, limited companies, corporations, cooperatives and other specialized types of organization. Sole traders: A sole trader is also known as a sole proprietorship its a type of business entity that is.owned and run by one individual and in which there is no legal distinction. between the owner and the business. Partnership: A legal contract entered into by two or more persons in which each agrees to furnish a part of the capital and labor for a business enterprise, and by which each. shares a fixed proportion of profits and losses Companies or corporations are distinct artificial persons. created in order to separate legal responsibility for the affairs of a business from the personal affairs. of the individuals who own or operate the business. That are traded on an. official stock market. It is the most common form of legal organization for really. large business, for the very good reason that they have access to very substantial funds. for expansion. The protection that comes from being a company is therefore substantial. Small firms can gain this protection when the owner.create a private limited company. If Mr. Javed start business by his own in a form of sole trader ship so the survival will be a bit difficult because the opportunities of businesses are very less so there will be barrier of entries to the market. He also dont know about the rules and regulations of the country and the tax formats so sole trader ship will give him a bit tough time. Internal sources of finance: is the name. for a firm using its profits as a source of capital for new investment, rather than distributing them to firms owners or other investors and. obtaining capital elsewh Hire purchase and leasing: is the legal term for a contract, in this persons usually agree to pay for goods in parts or a percentage at a time. Medium term bank loans: This will have the same advantages. and disadvantages as long term loans. Asset sales: As firms grow they build up assets. These assets could be in the. form of property, machinery, equipment, other companies or even logos. In some cases it may be appropriate for a business to sell off some. of these assets to finance other projects. Q.1 Scenario 1: Mr. Javed has recently come back from US and wants to invest in Pakistan. Javed wants to invest Rs. 5 million personally for a viable business project. He has mentioned his intentions to some of his friends who would also like to invest with him, but he is not sure about adding any further partners to his business. Though there are many advantages of having partners but I want this project to be my baby and dont want to have hassling relationships. P1: Identify the various forms of business. There are many types of business entity defined in the legal systems of various countries. These include sole traders, partnerships, limited companies, corporations, cooperatives and other specialized types of organization. Sole traders: A sole trader is also known as a sole proprietorship its a type of business entity that is.owned and run by one individual and in which there is no legal distinction. between the owner and the business. The sole proprietor is an unincorporated business with one owner.  who pays personal income tax on profits from the business. With little government regulation, they are the. simplest business to set up or take apart, making  them popular among individual self..contractors or business owners. Partnership: A legal contract entered into by two or more persons in which each agrees to furnish a part of the capital and labor for a business enterprise, and by which each. shares a fixed proportion of profits and losses. A partnership is an arrangement where entities and/or individuals. agree to start a business to achieve their mutual goals. Its relation between two or more persons. who have agreed to share the profits and losses according to their ratio of business run. by all or any one of them acting for all. All agreed conditions of partners. are written in PARTNERSHIP DEED. Companies or Corporations: Companies or corporations are distinct artificial persons. created in order to separate legal responsibility for the affairs of a business from the personal affairs. of the individuals who own or operate the business. The business debts are not owners. responsibility, they belong to the company, which is regarded as a separate person in its own right. The. companies acts distinguish between: Public limited company: That are traded on an. official stock market. It is the most common form of legal organization for really. large business, for the very good reason that they have access to very substantial funds. for expansion. The standard legal  designation of a company which has offered shares to the general public. and  has limited liability. A Public Limited Companys stock can be acquired by anyone and holders are only limited. to potentially lose the amount paid for the shares. Private limited companies: The protection that comes from being a company is therefore substantial. Small firms can gain this protection when the owner.create a private limited company. The word limited tells us that the. business has this legal form. Usually the shares will be owned by the original sole trader, relatives, friends and employees. Cooperatives: Cooperative is a business organization owned and operated. by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit. A cooperative may also be defined as a. business owned and controlled equally by the people who use its services or. by the people who work there. Cooperative enterprises are the focus of study in the field of cooperative economics. P2: Assess the implications of the different forms of business. Sole trader: Advantages: Choose. hours of work Make your.own decisions All the profit made. is your own Claim expenses and certain. costs against tax The business can be based on. the interests or skills of the owner Disadvantages: No sickness. pay. No set holiday. pay The time consuming. accounting is done in your own free time If the owner dies. there is no one to control his business Job security. is not a fact Partnership: Advantages: You can pool resources, expertise, and strengths. There are limited startup costs. There are few formalities You have a shared financial commitment. Capital is contributed by partners Losses are shared by partners(if written in partnership deed) Decision making is. easy because there is someone to give advice about the business Disadvantages: Partners may have. different visions or goals for the business. There may be unequal commitment in terms of time and finances. There may also be. personal disputes. Partners are personally liable for business debts and liabilities. Profits are. distributed among the partners Usually decision making takes time Conflicts can raise among. the partners about the decisions Private limited companies: Advantages: Shareholders have. limited liability Separate legal. personality Continuity in the event. of the death of a shareholder Original owner is still. often able to retain control Able to raise capital. from sale of shares to family, friends and employees Greater status than. an unincorporated business. Disadvantages: Legal formalities. involved in establishing the business Capital cannot be raised by sale. of shares to the general public Quite difficult for. shareholders to sell shares Public limited companies: Advantages: Limited liability Separate legal identity Continuity Ease of buying and selling of shares for shareholders Access of substantial capital sources due to the ability to issue a prospectus to the public and to offer shares for sale Disadvantages: Legal formalities in formation Cost of business consultants. and financial advisers when creating such a company Share prices. subject to fluctuation Risk of takeover due to the availability. of the shares on the Stock Exchange Directors influenced. by short term objectives of major investors P3 and M1: Select an appropriate form of a business. Justify your selected form a business in light of the proposed case and its implications. As Mr. Javed has come to me for suggestion so I will advise him the best and more feasible business in the current situation and in the future. Mr. Javed wants the project to be his baby and wants more profits and more feasible in current market of Pakistan and he recently came back from US so he dont know much about Pakistans market and the people of Pakistan. As his some of friends also want to be his partners in the business so he could take some capital and expertise from his friends to startup the business. His investment of 5million is also a bit less because the inflation rate in Pakistan is high and the currency is lower than many countries, so doing business by adding partners to his business will bring more investments so he can go further. The risk is going to be less because in case of loose the loose is going to be divided between the partners. His friends know the market and current situation of the country better than him so they can give better advises about the busin ess and can make business more successful, as the current activities can affect the businesses very badly and Mr. Javed dont know much about it so his partners can also help him in the survival of the business by their expertise. If Mr. Javed start business by his own in a form of sole trader ship so the survival will be a bit difficult because the opportunities of businesses are very less so there will be barrier of entries to the market. He also dont know about the rules and regulations of the country and the tax formats so sole trader ship will give him a bit tough time. Q.2 Scenario 2: Biz Training is a private limited company formed ten years ago by a group of five ex-lecturers. The five are the main shareholders but there is also a shareholder who was a local businessperson who initially approached two of the five to run a training course for her company. P1 and P2: identify the sources of finance available to a business. Assess the implications of the different sources. Businesses are able to raise finance from a wide range of sources. Some of are: Internal sources of finance: is the name. for a firm using its profits as a source of capital for new investment, rather than distributing them to firms owners or other investors and. obtaining capital elsewhere. It is to be contrasted with external financing .which consists of new money from outside of the firm brought in for investment. Internal financing is. generally thought to be less expensive for the firm than external financing because the firm does not have to incur transaction costs to obtain it, nor does it have to pay the taxes associated. with paying dividends. Many economists debate whether the availability of internal financing is an important determinant. of firm investment or not. A related controversy is whether the fact that internal financing is. empirically correlated with investment implies firms are credit constrained and therefore depend. on internal financing for investment. Profits retained in the business: The accumulated net income retained. for reinvestment in a business, rather than being paid out in dividends to stockholders. Sale of assets: Established companies often find that they have. assets that are no longer fully employed. These could be sold to raise cash. Reductions in working capital: When businesses increase stock levels or sell goods. on credit to customers they use a source of finance. When companies reduce these assets by reducing. their working capital, capital is released, which acts as a source of finance for other uses. External sources of finance: Short term sources: There are three main sources of short term external finance: Bank Overdrafts: Bank overdraft: An overdraft occurs when some. one withdraws from a bank account and they exceed the available balance. In this situation a person is said to be overdrawn. If there is a prior agreement with the account. provider for an overdraft protection plan, and the amount overdrawn is within this authorized overdraft limit, then interest is. normally charged at the agreed rate. Advantages An overdraft is flexible. you only borrow what you need at the time which may make it cheaper than a loan. You only pay for the funds. you use. Its quick to. arrange. There is not normally a charge for paying. off the overdraft earlier than expected. Disadvantages It has to be rearranged regularly. It can be called in. by the lender at any time. Overdrafts may be secured against business assets. the lender can take control of these if you dont repay the overdraft. Trade credit: Trade credit is an arrangement between businesses to buy goods or services on account, that is, without making immediate cash payment. The supplier typically. provides the customer with an agreement to bill them later, stipulating a fixed number of days or other date by which the customer should pay. It can be. viewed as an essential element of capitalization in an operating business because it can reduce the required capital investment required to operate the business if it is managed properly Advantages You can buy the stock and pay later. when you have sold the stock and made enough money to pay them back Eases the cash flow as you can pay after 28-30 days Disadvantages If you do not pay them back on time you can build up a bad credit history Only companies with good credit history. can be accepted the trade credit grant Debt factoring: When a business sells goods on credit it creates a debtor. The longer the time allowed to this debtor to pay up, the more finance the business. has to find to carry on trading. One option, if it is commercially unwise to insist on cash payments, is to sell these debts to a debt factor. In this way immediate cash is obtained, but not for the full amount of the debt. This is because the debt factoring companys profits are made by. discounting the debts and not paying their full value. When full payment is received from the original customer, the debt factor makes a profit. Smaller firms who sell goods on hire purchase. often sell the debt to credit loans firms, so that the credit agreement is never with the firm but. with the specialist provider. Sources of medium term finance: there are two main sources of medium term external finance: Hire purchase and leasing: is the legal term for a contract, in this persons usually agree to pay for goods in parts or a percentage at a time. In cases where a buyer cannot afford to pay the asked price for an item of property as a lump sum but can afford to pay a percentage as a deposit, a hire-purchase contract allows the buyer to hire the goods for a monthly rent. When a sum equal to the original full price plus interest has been paid in equal installments, the buyer may then exercise an option to buy the goods at a predetermined price (usually a nominal sum) or return the goods to the owner. Medium term bank loans: This will have the same advantages. and disadvantages as long term loans. Long term finance: Long term loans from banks: Bank loans: As with short term finance, banks are an important source of longer term finance. Banks may lend sums over long periods of time . possibly up to 25 years or even more in some cases. The loans have. a rate of interest attached to them. A mortgage is a loan specifically for the purchase of property. Some businesses. might buy property through a mortgage. In many cases, mortgages are used as. a security for a loan. This tends. to occur with smaller businesses. Advanatages: You can borrow. large amounts. Disadvantage: You can pay back with interest Debentures: Debentures are generally freely transferable by the debenture holder. Debenture holders have no rights to vote in. the companys general meetings of shareholders. Debenture holder charges a specific percentage of interest. rate from the company as they are investing in the company. Advanatages: You can borrow large amounts. Disadvantage: You can pay back with interest Debentures: A company wishing to raise funds will issue. or sell these to interested investors. The company agrees to pay a fixed rate of interest each year for the life of the debenture (which is often 25 years). The buyers may resell to other. investors if they do not wish to wait until maturity before getting their original investment back. Debentures are often secured. on a particular asset, which means that the investors have. the right, if the company ceases trading, to sell that particular asset to gain repayment. When this is part of the agreement, the debentures. are known as mortgage debentures. Asset sales: As firms grow they build up assets. These assets could be in the. form of property, machinery, equipment, other companies or even logos. In some cases it may be appropriate for a business to sell off some. of these assets to finance other projects. Advantage You get the money back straight away. Disadvantage In the long run, it is more expensive to lease the. piece of machinery or building. Retained profit: its the remaining profits. after deducting taxes, owners profits and dividends to shareholders. It can be kept. for other business uses or expansions. Advantage: No interest will have to be paid Disadvantage: Not available for start up business P3 and M1: Select appropriate sources of finance for a business project. Justify your source of finance in light of the proposed business and its implications. Before selecting a source of finance for the firm we must know which finance is going to be used in biz training. Biz training is about to buy a online learning system which they will use for a long period of time. As Biz Training is a private limited company they can not sell their shares in the stock exchange to generate funds to buy the online system so Biz Training is going to lease for buying the system as it is an fixed asset. By leasing they will not have to collect large amount such as for an asset like system A which is 120,000 pounds by this way their cash will not be disturbed and will not put Burdon on the business. By leasing they would get the system and would start using it they will get to know how profitable the system is and if the online learning system is profitable they will buy the asset after the leasing period and if it is not giving the firm desired profits then the system will be returned or they can sell it after the lease time has finished. The best part o f leasing is that all the maintenance cost of the system would be on the leasing company. In this case using other sources such as bank loan or hire purchase would not be a good decision. Taking a bank loan is not easy banks investigate a lot in the companies accounts and will need to be convinced that they will receive their loan back and will charge a lot of interest an will mortgage some of the property or any other assets and if the system is not earning profit and they cant give loan bank so the bank ill sell there property or the asset they have mortgaged so in bank loan the risk is high and in hire purchase Biz training will own the asset. By leasing will be get a clear picture of what decisions need to be taken in the future as they will know if the system they leased will be profitable or not and decide to buy it or let go of it so its better to lease the system and there is going to be less risk in the business. D1.Some firm finance its seasonal (temporary) working capital with long term funds. Explain the impact of these decisions on the profitability and risk of these firms. Bibliography: BBP learning Media Business Environment(2007) AS level Business studies (peter stimpson) I G C S E business studies (Karen Borrington, peter stimpson)

Effects Of Technology :: essays research papers

The Effects of Technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no escape from technology. In most cases this is not a problem though. Many people respect and admire technology because it is there to benefit them. Without the technological advances we have had over the years, the world would not be what it is today. What people don’t understand is that technology can actually be a bad thing. In society today, people are looking for more and more ways to be entertained, and all it is doing is causing problems. People are doing less and less thinking and more and more watching, listening, and playing, all because of technology. Forms of entertainment like the Internet, television and even video games seem harmless to people, but they are really not. When the Internet was first introduced, people never thought it would be as big as it is today. The Internet is an easy to use technology that can do just about anything. But what people don’t understand is that the Internet is not all good. Much of the information posted on sites on the Internet is merely opinions, not factual information. When people look at this information, it looks and seems like trustful information, but most of the time, it is not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the Internet is a relatively new technology, television has been around for about fifty years. There are many problems with television though, mainly with the content of the shows. Many of the shows on television portray violence, drugs, sexual activity, and profanity. People who watch these shows see what the actors and actresses are doing and then feel it is all right for them to do the same things. If a kid is watching a show were one of the actors or actresses use profanity, they will feel it is all right for them to use the same language. When television first came on the market about fifty years ago, families had one television at the most in the household, and most families only used the television for the news or for an occasional show or two. Today, it is a rarity if you find only one television in a household. Most families have numerous televisions in their house and use it more and more for entertainment purposes. People of all ages are addicted to television. On average, people watch about thirty hours of television a week. But the people who go beyond this mark are known to society as “couch potatoes';.

student drug use in scottish university :: essays research papers

Results Once all our interviews had concluded we re-wrote all the questions that we had asked our four respondents comparing them by using a table. From this it was easier to compare and contrast answers, assisting us in our search for re-occurring themes or major differences. For the purpose of anonymity the sample will be referred to as W, X, Y and Z. Themes and Patterns There were a vast amount of themes and patterns that emerged during our analysis of the four interviews. Firstly, the living arrangements of our sample were similar. Three out of the four students had resided in the Stirling University Halls of Residence during first year and by third year all four were staying in privately rented occupation. Significantly the social habits of the four students were alike. Of the three students who stayed in Halls in first year all three ‘went out’ on campus at least three or more nights per week. The attendance of ‘nights out’ on campus fell to only two visits per semester for two of our sample, whilst the other kept to much the same pattern. All four of our sample attended the ‘Fubar’ nightclub in Stirling town centre every Thursday. Respondent X was the only subject whom started university with any friends from back home. All traveled home regularly to see friends in first two years of university, with the ex ception of respondent Z who had a significant distance to travel. Of our four respondents only subject Z had no previous experience with illicit drugs. All three of the respondents who had taken illicit drugs before entering university had consumed cannabis and ‘speed’ by the age of 16. Subject X had also taken solvents, ‘magic mushrooms’ and ‘acid’ before entering university. Respondent W had consumed all the afore-mentioned drugs before coming to university but had also experimented with Valium and had smoked heroin. The location of drug consumption for all concerned was nearly always at parties or with older friends. Since entering Stirling University all four had experimented with ‘ecstasy’ for the first time. Three of the four tried cocaine the first after entering university. The social setting of ecstasy use was nearly always club and music based, whilst cocaine use appeared to be restricted to post-club parties with friends. All respondents had suspicions that their families were aware of their ‘softer’ drug use but no one had actually been confronted on the subject.

The Social Institution Of Marriage In Jane Austen’s Society Essay examp

The Social Institution Of Marriage In Jane Austen’s Society In the following essay I am going to closely examine the proposals of marriage Elizabeth by her cousin Mr Collins, and aristocrat Mr Darcy. I am also going to compare and contrast the events of each proposal. In Jane Austen’s lifetime a women’s status in society came firstly from her parents and secondly when she married. Jane Austen shows the marked differences in class frequently, as this was a major feature of everyday life in the 19th century. Men were seen as being far superior to women as they were able to work and thus earn a small, and in rare cases a large fortune. Pride and Prejudice in some ways mirrors Jane Austen’s own life, as her heart was broken at a tender age. Jane Austen gave her undying love to her hero Tom Lefroy, however the match proved incompatible as neither Jane or Tom had a sufficient income to allow them to live as man and wife. At only twenty Jane Austen’s real love had come and gone and she never went on to love anyone else. Pride and Prejudice portrays the struggle for women to find compatible men, that not only satisfied their own need for love and adoration, but also suitors that meet their families’ best interests. In chapter nineteen it becomes clear to the reader that Mr Collins is interested in Mrs Bennet’s daughters. He firstly questions the availability of Jane but is told that she is soon to be engaged to Mr Bingley. After this set back Mr Collins inquires about Elizabeth (the second eldest daughter of Mrs Bennet.) â€Å" May I hope madam, for your interest with your fair daughter Elizabeth, when I solicit for the honour of a private audience with her in the course of this morning.† Elizabeth tried to inte... ...) within a family could have serious consequences on daughters and their eligibility for marriage. Many would remain spinsters or they would marry outside their usual social circle. It was not unusual for couples to become engaged in their late teens (with the life expectancy at this time of approximately forty years it is perhaps not surprising that couples married young). Today many couples are marrying in their thirties and marriage is not as fashionable or socially vital. In the Bennets’ case as there was no son and heir there was the law of entailment whereby property was left to a male relative. Therefore there was a real pressure for a daughter to marry the inheritor so that property and wealth could remain within the family. Of course laws like this do not generally exist today, and marriages are a union of love rather than a business proposition.

Animal Farm And A Utopian Society Essay

Based on George Orwell’s Animal Farm a utopian society can not be achieved. A perfect world is impossible to achieve because you will always get someone who takes charge and overrules the people. In the book the animals successfully rebel from the owner of the farm, Mr. Jones. After the rebellion as a whole the animals set up some rules and commandments. At this point the animals feel that they have created a utopia, or a perfect world. They feel they can work hard for a while and then be rewarded with retirement. Eventually there becomes a superior group of animals that convince the rest of the animals that they are of higher intelligence. With this in mind they then told them that the elite group, the pigs, deserved more of the delicacies such as milk and apples. The pigs declared that these foods increased their abilities to do the brain work. The pigs also take over the house and begin to adopt many of the evil habits of man. In reality the pigs forced the other animals in to doing all of the manual labor so that they could reap the benefits solely for themselves. This is the sole reason that a utopian society can not be achieved. The pigs, or higher forms of government can only hold the respect of the people for so long until they eventually go back to the old ways, and the utopia is demolished.

Team Work

HECS 1100 Learning Together, Working Together| Learning Set Assessment Task | By Jodie Brown, Carole Fawcett, Debbie Fairhurst, Helena Judge, Helena Bonallie and Hannah Crowther| [Pick the date] | Learning Set Poster Assessment Task Within the Learning Together Working Together tutorials we were assigned to a group and given the task of designing an A4 poster which communicated information to a specific target group. The project the group chose was an A4 poster on ‘Recognising stress in carers’ aimed at carers.The group interpreted the brief as non-paid carers having someone dependent upon them such as a mother caring for her baby or a young person caring for an elderly relative. The group originally chose the project on respect towards older people aimed at 15-19 year olds however, following a group discussion decided to change the project to recognising stress in carers. This was because the group felt that the carers topic was currently highlighted in the media and th ere was a large volume of literature available from a variety of sources.The group also felt that the respect towards elders project was quite a broad topic which could be interpreted in many different ways which may have been challenging to convey on a poster. The group preferred a poster over a leaflet as they felt it could reach a wider audience when placed anywhere rather than someone having to physically collect a leaflet. The group also thought a poster would be more eye catching, easier to read and concise for stressed busy carers who wouldn’t want to read large volumes of text. 152 wordsInitially the group did not assign specific roles to individual members as the group was only in the Forming stage (Tuckman1965), therefore, each member carried out their own individual research, gaining more knowledge on carers and the impact of stress. The team thought that different research approaches would cover all areas and allow equal input and workload from all members. The St orming stage (Tuckman1965) became evident as the resources individuals had gathered were discussed and the most relevant information was chosen.From this discussion the set decided upon the information, design and direction. This then lead into the Norming stage (Tuckman1965) where strengths and weaknesses became apparent which enabled task allocation to be easier. For example, one member having had experience in mental health initiated an idea taken from Bramham’s vulnerability bucket (date) and another member having good IT skills worked on putting the poster together based on other members inputs.These positive roles along with plant, shaper and other pos roles (138 words) Development of the group was very positive, the team progressed through Tuckman’s (1965) Stages without any conflict or problems which the learning set believed was an achievement as without this the poster would not have been produced as quickly and successfully. The main basis of the poster was decided early, giving the group plenty of time to improve and refine it with each meeting.Each member demonstrated an adult to adult relationship (Thompson 2006) with excellent communication skills throughout. As everyone became closer and felt more comfortable, it was easier to express views, portray opinions and be able to negotiate, ultimately meaning better ideas were created. Also the group was extremely open to various individual ideas which, as a result, allowed the discussions of advantages and disadvantages to reach an agreement. 131 words) The most challenging aspect of the project was that the initial idea didn’t work well on paper as it was too crowded so, it had to be adapted, without losing the concept. This took considerable time and effort however, spending this time meant that the final poster was of a higher quality. (52 words) Within the learning set respect was demonstrated throughout. This was initiated by a list of rules that were formulated at the origi nal meeting that set the basis of how each member should behave towards one another.These were adhered to during the entire project. (Appendix 1) Acknowledgment of each members strengths and weaknesses was demonstrated the ensure that others thoughts, ideas and actions were encouraged and not dismissed. Every individuals perspectives were considered when making a group decision for example, information was shared within the file exchange on the virtual leaning environment enabled the opportunity for viewpoints to be shared. 100 words) Upon reflection on Action (Schon 1983, 1987), the group would try assigning roles to each member to see whether it was more effective. The roles could be rotated around so that each member had a go at each role. Another idea upon reflection was to formulate an Action Plan with deadlines so each person could have a step by step approach to formulate. The learning set believe these ideas wouldn’t alter the final product but could possibly improve the working style. (81 words). TOTAL WORD COUNT: 802

Raise the Red Lantern by Zhang Yimou Essay

Raise the Red Lantern (1991) directed by Zhang Yimou was based on a novel called Wives and Concubines by Su Tong. This film takes place in the early 1900s which tells the story of a woman named Songlian (played by Gong Li) who was struck by the harshness of reality. Her father died during the Chinese Civil War when she was nineteen. Facing the death of her father and the severity of the family financial situation, she was left with no choice but to marry the wealthy Chen family. Upon arrival to the Chen’s estate, Songlian was greeted with open arms and was treated like royalty. She later came to the realization that it was just a mere fantasy as she experience more of the traditions and rules set by the Master Chen. The Master has four mistress, Songlian being the fourth, and all was in competition with one another for the master’s affection and attention. Each mistress has her own quarter in the castle and her own personal servant. The routine on a daily basis was to stands in front of their quarters and awaits the Master’s decision on his sexual needs. Once his decision is made, the quarter of the mistress chosen was lit up with red lanterns. For that day, the chosen mistress is rewarded with foot massage, meal of her choice, and the respect of all the servants in the estate. At first glance, Songlian finds Zhuoyun, the Second Mistress, to be trusting and kind. She laters found out that Zhuoyun was said to â€Å"have a face of the Buddha, but the heart of a scorpion.† Songlian, yearning for her husband affection, decides to fake her own pregnancy. Yan’er backstabbed Songlian by revealing the bloodstain undergarment to Zhuoyun. Feigning her concern for Songlian’s pregnancy, the second mistress requested the family doctor to examine Songlina’s condition. Infuriated by Songlian’s deception, the master ordered all the red lantern in her quarters to be covered by a black canvas. As an act of revenge, Songlian revealed Yan’er secret obsession with the master and ordered all the red lantern in Yan’er’s room to be burned. Yan’er’s refusal to apologize to Songlian kneel all night which eventually led to her death. During Songlian’s birthday, she drunkenly professes the Meishan, third mistress, affairs with the family doctor. Being manipulative as she is, Zhuoyun caught the third mistress and the doctor in the act of adultry. As punishment for infidelity, Meishan was hanged. The following summer, the master marry yet another concubines. At this point, Songlian has finally went completely insane and was just wandering around in her own quarters. In order for this film to be called a Classical Hollywood Narrative, it must adheres to the four simple stages in which this narrative composes. First stage, the hero, is established clearly at the beginning revealing his/her strengths and flaws. This film adhere to the first stage in which it did reveals who is the main protagonist at the very beginning. However, it is very hard to determine whether Songlian is actually a hero in this film. At the beginning, it did shows that her motive is very admirable in accepting her fate in order to save her family from poverty. As the story progresses, in my opinion, she is reveal to be weak and unforgiving. Her weakness shows in her selfishness as she yearn for affection and attention. Her unforgiveness shows when after her deception was reveal in her pregnancy. She became very vengeful and it causes the death of Yan’er and Meishan. For those reason, it is hard for me to consider her only as a protagonist. Instead, I see her as protagonist with the negative traits of an antagonist. Second stage, the goal, is established for the protagonist to pursue. In this case, Songlian’s goal is to become a concubine to a wealthy family to save her family from poverty. The success of this goal is very simplistic. Although her long term goal is unclear, the sense of belonging is very clear. Clearly Songlian did not want to live a life as a concubine. She does belong here, but her fate is inevitable. Third stage, the obstacle, can be established as the lifestyle of the concubines and upholding the traditions and rules set by the master of the house. Unlike most obstacles which has a clear time period of resolution, the obstacle in this film appears to be never ending. Final stage, the success, is established when the protagonist finally achieve his/her goals and overcome the obstacle with great success. Unlike Classical Hollywood Narrative, the ending to this film left the protagonist’s problems unresolve and distraught. She just went insane and became mentally ill at the end. That is a complete failure for a hero of a narrative. I believe a better way to become successful in this film’s obstacles would be death because it is the only escape for the fate a concubine.

Branding Essay

BRANDING ESSAY Subject: The brand as an aspirational and cultural agent 14/03/2013 According to Philip J. Kotler â€Å"a brand is a name, term, sign symbol or design, or a combination of them to identify the goods or services of one seller or a group of sellers and to identify them from the competitors†. This definition expresses the brand as the sum of the representations that we have, however, the brand is also a cultural agent. To remain permanently in the mind of the consumer brands must build a recognizable brand and offer their cultural role models to their customers.Thus it is necessary to include this cultural aspect to the marketing strategy of the brand. After explaining how this cultural and aspirational aspect is characterized in the minds of consumers and brands, it will be interesting to know its origins and consequences, finally understand why and how a brand builds a culture and a strong identity. The success of a brand depends not only on the functional value it offers to consumers, its reputation and good health depends heavily on the emotional value it adds through its products.And the brands gain momentum in today's culture, they seek to become mirrors of our personalities and that is why it is indispensable to build a distinctive brand image. The brand positioning is to place an image in the mind of the consumer. The success of the brand in the consumer's opinion is fundamentally dependent on its desire to appropriate the brand and express it as a part of his personality. This cultural dimension of the brand had been discussed by Jean-Noel Kapferer (French expert of brands) in his book â€Å"Les marques, capital de l’entreprise† in 1990. He expresses the cultural facet of the brand as a key element of brand identity.In the same vein he argues that brands around the products and services sold, build aspirational universe in order to stand out and sell their products. This universe consists of all intangible assets acting as symbols, references, lifestyles, emotions etc. †¦ feature of the brand. This set forms a specific imaginary that illustrates the values and the brand positioning to form a unique cultural heritage (Jean-Noel Kapferer et Vincent Bastien, Luxe Oblige, 2008) This heritage must be expressed and transmitted to the consumer to feel the desire to join and share.Even if this has a great value in brand equity, it is not enough to form a brand culture. The cornerstone of its creation is a major concept; which is distinct to the brand and based on an innovative aspect (e. g. Nike and culture transcendence). In this case there is a set of communication shared by a class of consumers relaying the brand culture. This research of brand culture is becoming more and more important, especially because consumers search meaning in their consumption and they need to be involved in this consumer society that is constantly evolving.Similarly, the development of the media and especially the intern et makes it fertile ground for the development of this cultural facet. We are part of a brands cultural bath influencing us in all our acts of consumption. The brand is a center of social identification of the individual, our consumption reflects our identity. Especially for brands that operate as social signs (car brands, clothing, food, telephone, etc. †¦ ). And brands have become cultural facts, when we consume we do not consume only the product but also the brand. Every act of consumption is symbolic and cultural; there is no longer a pure commercial consumption. The brand becomes a symbol, a materiel embodiment of the myth. So as customers drink, drive or wear the product, they experience a bit of the myth. † (Douglas B. How Brands Become Holt in Icons, The Principles of Cultural Branding, 2004). He explains this behavior like this: â€Å"Customers use iconic brands as symbolic salves. They grab hold of the myth as they use the product as a means to lessen their ide ntity burdens†. It means that the brand through its culture must convey specific models to achieve the desires and soothe the anxieties of consumers.The purpose of brands is to create moments of recognition that put images, sounds, feelings, on the deep desires of customers. Holt adds that a strong brand identity and a clearly identifiable culture have a positive effect on the brand and business: â€Å"When a brand delivers a powerful myth that customers find useful in cementing their identities, this identity value casts a halo on other aspects of the brand. Great myths enhance the brand’s quality reputation, distinctive benefits, and status value. † This halo effect shows brands cannot underestimate their cultural influence.The essential idea in this concept of culture is that it is an integral part of the brand, but she is not defined consistently. It is universal and timeless at the same time it must keep its customers at every change of generation. The succe ss of a brand lies in its ability to adapt to a given society, to know how to react when tensions and desires of consumers mutate. Or that Accordance must match the brand identity. Success comes once the brand has articulated the brand identity with market expectations through the establishment of a strong brand culture.For example Nike in its infancy based its marketing strategy on its philosophy of self-transcendence, a value in accordance with an aspiration of American society in the post-prosperity when the logic of the American dream seemed to have lost its splendor. The socio-economic changes constantly and attitudes of societies are transformed. Thus it is essential that brand can find what, in its identity, can meet the expectations of customers in the generational change. The consumer's desire is not focused on a specific good or service, this desire is by cluster (Gilles Deleuze, French philosopher, Anti-Oedipus, 1977).This means that when the customer is considering purch asing, the choice is not just the object itself but to all cultural, symbolic or historic associations attached to them. For example when I want this dress that is behind the showcase, I do not just want this dress, but the shoes that go with the silhouette, the style, the man, the romantic dinner and almost the lifestyle that goes with this dress. And brands need to rethink their communication model to know the consumer interest in all that associations of the product.They can no longer base their identity on customer insights; it must do so on a strong culture. The brand identity is not an element to be overlooked in a marketing strategy because the cultural and aspirational aspect it reveals is becoming increasingly important in the consumer's decision. Brands must know how to create interest and special recognition in his mind through communicating their values and their major concept. The customers’ expectations continually evolving, that is why it is important for bran ds to adapt through the establishment of a strong and sustainable brand culture. I hope you understand that as an Erasmus student I used for my research French theories to support my arguments. Well I apologize for any mistakes in English that I could commit. ) Bibliography * Jean-Noel Kapferer, Les marques, capital de l’entreprise (1990) * Jean-Noel Kapferer et Vincent Bastien, Luxe Oblige, Paris, Eyrolles (2008) * Douglas B. Holt, How Brands Become Icons, The Principles Of Cultural Branding, Harvard Business School Press (2004) * Gilles Deleuze et Felix Guattari, Anti- OEdipe, Editions de Minuit, 1977.

Individualism and collectivism paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individualism and collectivism paper - Essay Example Individualism represents a society in which individual relations are not strong and in which people are expected to fend for themselves. Individualism is the opposite of collectivism and taken together they form one of the dimensions of national cultures. Collectivism on the other hand connotes a form of society in which people from their childhood itself are integrated into strong cohesive groups; that protect them for the rest of their life in return for their unquestioning loyalty. Individualistic cultures like those obtaining in the USA and France exhibit a greater emphasis on individual goals and people mainly on themselves as individuals. People in individualistic cultures emphasize their successes and achievements in their career or in the acquisition of wealth. In the USA the spirit of competitiveness is at its zenith. Collectivistic cultures lay a greater emphasis on groups. In such cultures harmony and loyalty are deemed to be paramount (Individualism versus Collectivism). "Collectivism requires self - sacrifice, the subordination of one's interests to those of others" (Letters of Ayn Rand). The main consequence of individualism on self identity is the engendering of independence and individual achievement; promotion of self expression, individual thinking and personal choice.

Write a literature review about Healthcare ethics Essay

Write a literature review about Healthcare ethics - Essay Example Often, these standards are the subject of rigorous debate as religion or social agendas come to bear on the question of morality. This paper will examine some of the most recent professional literature in an effort to codify the existing standards, as well as reporting on the prevailing trends in regards to new technologies, the impact of culture, and the evolving morality surrounding life and the end of life care. Healthcare is an extremely broad field comprised on numerous disciplines, and myriad roles for healthcare workers within each discipline. This paper will not address a specific discipline, but instead will examine healthcare ethics from a broad lens while focusing on the commonalities found throughout the different fields. Numerous professional organizations have their own codes of ethics and may have specific guidelines that deal with their clinical specialty. As an example, this may be seen in addiction services, mental health, or gender transformation. However, this paper will report with a broader brush and a major portion will be spent focusing on recent developments in ethics and the challenges that all healthcare workers face in the light of technology, changing demographics, and evolving social standards. Literature Review End of Life Care One of the critical aspects of healthcare ethics is providing palliative care for the terminally ill, and the numerous issues facing end of life care. One of these important ethical issues is 'medical futility', and the application of medical treatment that has little hope of being beneficial. There can be significant disagreements among the patient, family, physician, and insurance providers that all have different treatment goals, as well as their own personal interpretation of medical futility (Bagheri 46). A hospital ethical review board, at the initiation of a physician or the patient, often mediates this dilemma. In a recent comprehensive study conducted at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota, the most frequently cited reasons for an ethics review were "the permissibility of withholding and withdrawing life sustaining treatments, resuscitation issues, [and the] appropriateness of treatment (ie, futility vs. nonfutility" (Swetz et al. 690). However, this issue is steeped in con troversy, and according to Bagheri, "Some argue that physicians should be given sole authority to make decisions to withhold or withdraw treatment" (47). Indeed, multiple studies have indicated that in the US, as well as in Europe, physicians unilaterally withhold treatment that they deem futile without consulting either the patient or their family (Bagheri 47). This approach demeans the patient's mental well-being and disregards the ethical component of autonomy. If a patient is mentally capable, they should be apprised of the lack of potential benefit (futility) of a treatment. Eliminating the patient from being informed, or a part of the decision making process, is at best a questionable ethical practice. Still, "physicians cannot be forced (or even expected) to give 'futile' treatment to their patients" (Loewy 299). One question that should routinely be asked when making an ethical decision regarding futility is 'are there any better alternatives'. Professional medical organizations have

Multi-Channel Retailing Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multi-Channel Retailing - Speech or Presentation Example The global retail operations of Costco can be primarily classified into four major segments such as: Discount and Variety Retail – Warehouse Clubs and Superstores 2. Grocery Retail 3. Gasoline Retailers and, 4. Online Retailing Source: (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2012) Advantages Offered by Costco’s Each Distribution Channel The distribution facilities offered by Costco incorporate a large number of potential buyers from different demographic backgrounds that are segregated based on family or business, income-level, age and gender. According to the present revolutionary transformations in the retail format, customers are highly focused on purchasing goods through online or catalog shopping. Therefore, the distribution process of Costco highly utilizes the benefits provided by the online format in order to provide adequate support to each group of customers. The company, in this regard, is highly focused on targeting the customers within the age group of 18 to 45 year s who generally prefer to purchase goods through online retailing format (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2012). In relation to the similar retailers such as Wal-Mart, the organization has been identified as one of the major competitor for Costco. However, the organization is more competent than its competitors regardless catalogue/online shopping or store retail operations. Differentiating Buying Process of the Customers In relation to the distribution process of products, the operational process of Costco incorporates an effective strategy that ensures to provide various advantages to the organization. Therefore, the major advantageous factors that Costco avail from its exceptional distribution channels including brick and mortar store and catalogue or e-commerce format are depicted hereunder: The ‘shopping in person’ customers of Costco generally tend to purchase their preferred products through a modest online or catalogue format. In this context, the steps of online or catalogue shopping have been discussed hereunder. Identifying Needs: Identifying needs of the products is the initial step where the in-person customers tend to recognize merchandise(s) in accordance with their taste and preference. Searching and Obtaining Information: In this step, the in person customers are focused on searching information about the online store or catalogue regarding the availability, buying terms and condition, payment option and shipping facility among others. Evaluating and Selecting Retailers/Channels: After obtaining information about online/catalogue, the customers evaluate and select appropriate retailer or distribution channel. Visiting Online Shopping Website/ Catalogue: Visiting online shopping website/catalogue is the final step customers wherein the in person customers purchase their preferred or desired products via complying each term and condition of the retailer. In the due course of time, after a consumer starts to continuously visit an onlin e website for purchase his/her loyalty towards the retailer increases. Source: (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2012) Retail Strategy: Focusing on Retail-Mix Elements Location: Location can be considered as one of the primary elements for any retail organization to efficiently perform its various distributional activities. In the context of the

What is the significance of 'The Orphan' with reference to Charles Essay

What is the significance of 'The Orphan' with reference to Charles Dickens' David Copperfield, George Elliot's Daniel Deronda and Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre - Essay Example Many had lost only one parent, others were abandoned or neglected, perhaps for reasons of penury, and many were illegitimate and marginalized. Victorian times showed no compassion towards children who had no control over their parentage. (Banerjee ibid). Orphans were very often homeless and vulnerable, prey to criminals who used them for their own abusive purposes, turning innocent children into hardened thieves (Sadrin 1994). Those who were the hardiest managed to survive, ‘...hungry, roaming singly or in packs like young wolves, snatching, stealing, stone-throwing, destructive, brutish, and cruel when not merely hopeless and lost.’ (Roe 27) There were thousands, and they came into contact with most inhabitants of large British cities, so it was inevitable that they would enter the literature of the day. Authors such as Dickens, Eliot, and Brontà « were joined by Charles Kingsley, who wrote The Water Babies, Thomas Hughes, who wrote Tom Brown’s Schooldays, Mrs. Gaskell, who wrote John Halifax, Gentleman, and there is of course George Eliot’s other novel, Silas Marner, among many others. So much so, that even modern day works such as Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince give us hints of Victorian influence in characters such as Lord Voldemort, and Mrs. Cole, who seems to be modeled on Dickens’ Mrs. Thingummy in Oliver Twist, who was also an orphan and lived in an institution. (Washick 2009) Charles Dickens did not only use his own childhood as a background for David Copperfield, but described the whole pervasive atmosphere and environment which was London in his early experience and that of all its inhabitants of the time. Little Davy in the novel endures hardship and penury - not only his own, but that of others around him, because he had no father - and he takes it as a matter of course that he and his mother are treated badly. His whole personality is saturated with the rigors of practical ‘making-do’, which

John D. Ashcroft, Petitioner, V. Abdullah Al-Kidd Case Study

John D. Ashcroft, Petitioner, V. Abdullah Al-Kidd - Case Study Example Al-Kidd further alleges that during the trial of Al-Hussayen, he has never been called as a witness and also that the authorities have â€Å"never meant to do so† (p.1). Therefore, the petitioner challenges the constitutional validity of Attorney General’s â€Å"alleged policy† in authorizing his detention on the pretext that he is a material witness in the trial against Sami Omar (p.1). Initially, the case has been heard by the Ninth Circuit Court, which held that the action of the Attorney General has violated the individual’s rights under the Fourth Amendment which disallows â€Å"pretextual arrests† in the absence of a possible cause of a criminal activity (p.1). John Ashcroft, the Attorney General, challenging the decision of Ninth Circuit Court, has filed the suit to Supreme Court appealing for a review. On a petition by Al-Kidd, the Ninth Circuit Court has heard the case and ordered that the Attorney General’s action of securing a warrant under the pretext that the petitioner is a material witness in another case and hence he cannot leave the country, and his detention for this reason, is a violation of his constitutional rights. Therefore, the court has denied Ashcroft’s motion to dismiss the petition on â€Å"qualified immunity grounds† (p.1). The main issue present in the case is the question of the validity of the detention of Al-Kidd from a legal perspective, under the prevailing threat to national security of the US. The Attorney General has allegedly secured a warrant under the federal statutes relating to â€Å"material witness† for the detention of the former (Abrams, 2011, p.1). It becomes relevant here that the action of the Attorney General in securing the warrant for the detention of the petitioner is well within the relevant laws and thus it is purely legal. Under the prevailing circumstances in the country, when terrorist activities have been rampant in the nation, the petitioner has been detained because of his relevance

ENJOYMENT OF MUSIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ENJOYMENT OF MUSIC - Essay Example This helps the musician in achieving different tunes for the song through amplification, mixing and muting some beats. My enjoyment of music has more to do with the appreciation of the technical thinking behind the music as opposed to discrete aptitudes of the musician. I appreciate music in its spatial and temporal reasoning nature such as the ability to visualize the sounds produced by the violin in both time and space. This enhances my reasoning ability to reason which is mostly important my career filed. The spatial temporal aspects of music ensure that I develop higher brain function in the creation of such structures for computer programming. This is because, for me to construct a good program, I should be able to construct it in my head by totally visualizing it and its consequences of the total output, by progression like in music, as opposed to doing a line by line of the code. Appreciation of music is highly felt on the beats produced by the different instruments. The fact that artists are able to differentiate the different types of instruments being played even without seeing them and even when they are very many is very inspiring in computer science. The specifics of such instruments can be impacted on computers such as the ability to readily distinguish sounds when every drum vibrates at specific frequencies by arranging and designing the drums according to tension, size, shape and composition. The wide spectrum of frequencies and pure tones produced by vibrating membranes inspires the production of such nodes in computers. Music uses codes as a form of expression. In its abstract nature, music requires interpretation and performance in order to relay the message. The written codes in music have more meaning than the surface meaning. Likewise, computer programmers also use codes to express themselves. My ability to read through the musical codes presented in music is

The Golden Mean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Golden Mean - Essay Example May sound surprising, yet it is true that the Golden Mean have always been an essential element of the natural world (Lamb 2011). The appearance of Fibonacci numbers on which the concept of Golden Mean is based, on a regular basis in the works of nature do corroborates the ancient conclusion and belief that nature is based on some predetermined and reoccurring patterns (Lamb 2011). Many ancient monuments like the Pyramids of Giza, the Greek temple in the Acropolis in Athens and many medieval churches had been designed in conformation with the Golden Mean (Knott 2010). In a contemporary context, the United Nations Headquarters building located at New York had been designed in consonance with the concept of Golden Mean (Knott 2010). It was an international committee of architects comprising of influential and renowned architects like Wallace K Harrison, Oscar Niemeyer and Le Corbusier that finalized the design of the United Nations Headquarters building at New York (A View on Cities 20 11). Eventually it was a plan laid out by Le Corbusier, called 23A that was chosen to be the basis for the new building (A View on Cities 2011). In 1950, Le Corbussier published a book named Le modulator, in which he recognized the relevance of the Golden Mean in the contemporary architecture (Knott 2010).

Antebellum Period Essay Example for Free

Antebellum Period Essay During the time period between 1825-1850, known as the Antebellum Period, the series of reform movements that emerged sought to democratic ideals of equality, liberty, the right to vote, and a more centralized government. The Second Great Awakening, one of many religious reforms, expanded equality through the belief that everyone could attain salvation through hard work and faith. The Second Great Awakening was the spark for many of the other reform movements, such as Temperance, Womens Rights, and Abolition. These movements along with reforms of prisons and mental facilities, and education attempted to craft America into a more utopian society. The Second Great Awakening had started after the Revolutionary War, gained momentum around the turn of the century, and was at its strongest during the Antebellum Period. It was driven by the idea that everyone could be saved through revivals. Revivals were especially prevalent in upstate New York, which was nicknamed the â€Å"burned-over district† by Charles Finney, a prominent Presbyterian leader of The Second Great Awakening. Because there were so many revivals there, it seemed like there couldnt possibly be anyone left to convert. Social activism became the main method of revival in the North. Presbyterian, Baptist and Methodist denominations made huge gains in membership in the South and on the frontier were â€Å"camp meeting† revivals took place. As in Document B where Finney said the reforms awakened and converted even the â€Å"most abandoned profligates†, the protestant ministers in the South preached to people of all classes and races, including free blacks, slaves, and slaveholders. Free blacks began to start their own churches on the belief that everyone needed to hear messages of salvation and personal freedom. Due to prejudices against them, many free blacks separated from the Methodist church. One such man named Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal denomination. Blacks had more freedom within the Baptist church, as they could become ministers, and many black Baptist congregations were formed. Also during this time, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers and Baptists deve loped due to desires to restore primitive forms of Christianity, known as the Restoration Movement. In the late 1820s, Joseph Smith claimed to receive visions of a new sacred text/supplement to the Bible, the Book of Mormon. He founded a primitivist church called the Church of Christ on the teachings of this book and other revelations. Mormons established their first community in western New York. They then moved to Kirtland, Ohio, where Mormons faced persecution and Joseph Smith was assassinated. The first split in the church came surrounding the question of the next leader, but most Mormons migrated to Utah, spreading their message and gaining followers on the way, under the leadership of Brigham Young. Other popular groups that rose were the Unitarians and Universalists. Unitarianism is named for its understanding of God as one person, unlike the traditional Christian doctrine of Trinitarianism which defines God as three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Ghost) coexisting as one in being. It teaches that Jesus was a prophet and in some sense the â€Å"son† of God, but not God himself. Universalists believe that all humans either may or will be saved through Jesus Christ and eventually go to heaven. Teachings of the Second Great Awakening endorsed a strong work ethic, frugality and temperance within the expanding middle class. The Temperance Movement sprung from the social activism of the Second Great Awakening. Alcoholism was a growing problem in the United States: spousal abuse, family neglect and chronic unemployment were on the rise, issues which are shown in The Drunkards Progress (Document H). It was an area that social activists felt needed addressing. Lyman Beecher, a leading Presbyterian minister of the Second Great Awakening, lectured against the use of alcohol and co-founded the American Temperance Society, the first U.S. social movement organization to mobilize massive and national support for a specific reform cause. Within 12 years, it claimed more than 8000 local groups and 1,500,000 members. Many other Temperance societies popped up, such as the American Temperance Union and the States Delevan Union Temperance Society of Colored People, a temperance society headed by free blacks. The Temperance Movement first saw statewide success in Maine, where a total ban was placed on the manufacturing and sale of liquor. The Maine Law, as it became known as, was the work of Portland mayor Neal Dow, who gained the nicknames the â€Å"Father of Prohibition† and the â€Å"Napoleon of Temperance†. Dow was very involved in the temperance movement, having traveled much of the northeastern United States and parts of Canada speaking against intemperance. His Maine Law spawned other prohibition laws in the country. The Temperance Movement expanded democratic ideals by asking the government to govern the sale of alcohol, making the government more centralized. The Second Great Awakenings emphasis on t he ability of individuals to amend their lives caused many reform movements aimed at redressing injustice and alleviating suffering in society—a democratizing effect. Abolitionism was one such movement, and it to was led in part by leaders of the Second Great Awakening. It called the immediate ending of slavery, as opposed to the other anti-slavery positions of the time, Gradualism; which called for an end to slavery over time; and colonization; which relied on the manumission of slaves who would then be taken back to Africa. Lyman Beecher was also an Abolitionist, and more importantly the father of Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Toms Cabin. The novel was the most influential piece of abolitionist literature and spread the Abolitionist message to millions of Americans. Charles Finney often spoke out against slavery from the pulpit and was involved in the abolitionist movement. Neal Dow was also a known abolitionist, his house was a stop on The Underground Railroad. Just like with the Temperance Movement, many Abolitionist societies formed, the most prominent being the American Anti-Slavery Society (AAS). The AAS was founded by William Lloyd Garrison, the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. Garrison was in support of immediate emancipation of the slaves and their integration into American society. He also believed that slave owners should not be reimbursed for their â€Å"lost property†. Wendell Phillips became a frequent speaker at AAS conventions after witnessing the attempted lynching of Garrison by a pro-slavery mob in 1835. He went on to write many pamphlets and essays against slavery. Sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke became well known anti-slavery speakers and writers. They came from a slave-owning white family in the South and spoke from experience on the evils of slavery. Angelina married fellow abolitionist and mentor Theodore Weld. Weld spoke out against slavery until he lost his voice in 1837. He then focused on writing for the AAS. In 1839, he and the Grimkà © sisters co-wrote the pivotal book American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witn esses. Many historians regard Weld as the most important figure in the abolitionist movement. Escaped slave Frederick Douglass went around the country speaking at AASS conventions and at other events about the things he personally experienced as a slave. He published the North Star, an aboltionist newspaper that got its name from the North Star which guided slaves to freedom in the North. Escaped slaves Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth also became speakers and leaders in the Abolitionist Movement. Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape from the South on the Underground Railroad and became friends with Douglass. Truth also became friends with Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. The abolitionist movement promoted democratic ideals as it tried expand freedom and equality to the slaves. Women were heavily involved with the Temperance and Abolitionist movements, and many of them went on to work with the Womens Rights Movement. For many women, and as shown in Document C, the two causes were intertwined because they work for their own liberty as well. The role of women in the household had begun to change with the ongoing Industrial Revolution. A group of young single women known as Lowell girls worked in factories. In the middle and upper classes, women became the moral and spiritual leaders of their households, known as the Cult of Domesticity. Along with speaking on temperance and abolition, some women began speaking on womens rights at conventions. One such woman was Lucretia Mott. She was focused mostly on womens rights, publishing her influential Discourse on Woman and founding Swarthmore College. She became a Quaker minister, and was noted for her speaking ability. She advocated the boycotting the products of slave labor. She was an early supporter of William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society. She worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and the two women organized the first womens rights convention which was held in Seneca Falls, New York. At the convention, Stanton stated that they were assembled to â€Å"declare our right to be free as man is free† (Document I) and presented the Declaration of Sentiments, a document written by Stanton and based on the form of the Declaration of Independence. It declared that men and women were equal and that women had no representation since they couldnt vote. Frederick Douglass, who was in attendance at the convention and helped pass the resolutions in the Declaration of Sentiments called the document the â€Å"grand basis for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women†. The Grimke sisters, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth were also suffragists. The Womens Rights Movement expanded democratic ideals because it pushed for equality and the right to vote for women. Another reform started during this period was an education reform. The education reform was pushed by increasing interest in public education because the growing number of voters and immigrants and a desire to maintain social order. It was largely the works of Massachusetts School Board Secretary Horace Mann. Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for normal schools to train professional teachers. He pushed for more public support of public schools arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nations unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens. He has been called the â€Å"Father of the Common School Movement and the â€Å"Father of American Public Education†. His schools and other schools around the country used McGuffey Readers; document e is a selection from one; as textbooks. There were different books for each learning level.